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Clinical Effects of Hydrogen Administration: From Animal and Human Diseases to Exercise Medicine
International Journal of Clinical Medicine
Vol.7 No.1, January 2016
Author
Garth L. Nicolson, Gonzalo Ferreira de Mattos, Robert Settineri, Carlos Costa, Rita Ellithorpe, Steven Rosenblatt, James La Valle, Antonio Jimenez, Shigeo Ohta
Author Information
1Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, USA.
2Laboratory of Ion Channels, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
3Sierra Research, Irvine, USA.
4Tustin Longevity Center, Tustin, USA.
5Saint John’s Health Center, Santa Monica, USA.
6Progressive Medical Center, Orange, USA.
7Hope Cancer Institute, Playas de Tijuana, Mexico.
8Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Japan.
Abstract
Here we review the literature on the effects of molecular hydrogen (H2) on normal human subjects and patients with a variety of diagnoses, such as metabolic, rheumatic, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative and other diseases, infections and physical and radiation damage as well as effects on aging and exercise. Although the effects of H2 have been studied in multiple animal models of human disease, such studies will not be reviewed in depth here. H2 can be administered as a gas, in saline implants or infusions, as topical solutions or baths or by drinking H2-enriched water. This latter method is the easiest and least costly method of administration. There are no safety issues with hydrogen; it has been used for years in gas mixtures for deep diving and in numerous clinical trials without adverse events, and there are no warnings in the literature of its toxicity or long-term exposure effects. Molecular hydrogen has proven useful and convenient as a novel antioxidant and modifier of gene expression in many conditions where oxidative stress and changes in gene expression result in cellular damage.
Keywords:
Share and Cite:
Nicolson, G. , de Mattos, G. , Settineri, R. , Costa, C. , Ellithorpe, R. , Rosenblatt, S. , La Valle, J. , Jimenez, A. and Ohta, S. (2016) Clinical Effects of Hydrogen Administration: From Animal and Human Diseases to Exercise Medicine. International Journal of Clinical Medicine, 7, 32-76. doi: 10.4236/ijcm.2016.71005.
Received 8 December 2015; accepted 19 January 2016; published 22 January 2016