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Neurostimulation for Intractable Chronic Pain
Brain Sci
2019 Jan 24;9(2):23. doi: 10.3390/brainsci9020023
Author
Timothy R Deer , Sameer Jain , Corey Hunter , Krishnan Chakravarthy
Author Information
1Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, VA 25301, USA
2Pain Treatment Centers of America, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; paindocsj@gmail.com
3Ainsworth Institute of Pain Management, New York, NY 10022, USA; chunter@ainpain.com
4Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California San Diego Health Sciences, San Diego, CA 92037, USA; kvchakravarthy@ucsd.edu
Correspondence: doctdeer@aol.com;
Tel.: +1-3043476141
Article notes
Copyright and License information
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
PMC Copyright notice
PMCID: PMC6406470 PMID: 30682776
Abstract
The field of neuromodulation has seen unprecedented growth over the course of the last decade with novel waveforms, hardware advancements, and novel chronic pain indications. We present here an updated review on spinal cord stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, and peripheral nerve stimulation. We focus on mechanisms of action, clinical indications, and future areas of research. We also present current drawbacks with current stimulation technology and suggest areas of future advancements. Given the current shortage of viable treatment options using a pharmacological based approach and conservative interventional therapies, neuromodulation presents an interesting area of growth and development for the interventional pain field and provides current and future practitioners a fresh outlook with regards to its place in the chronic pain treatment paradigm.
Keywords:
neuromodulation, neurostimulation, spinal cord stimulation, dorsal root ganglion stimulation, peripheral nerve stimulation, chronic pain